Paul Goble
Staunton, October 17 – Russian census workers in many cases are refusing to record as “Siberians” those who declare that as their identity, even though “Siberian” is listed as one of the possible identities in the official protocols and even though Rosstat head Aleksandr Surinov had promised there would be no problems in that regard.
But now, only three days into the 2010 census, violations of the rights of residents of Siberia to make that declaration have been so frequent and their complaints so vocal that Surinov has been forced to promise that he will look into the matter and ensure that the identities people declare are properly recorded.
Unfortunately, many of those affected are unlikely to be convinced that either he or anyone else in the Russian Federation statistical administration is really interested in ensuring accuracy on this point and thus are certain to believe that the census results Moscow will publish will be unreliable, especially regarding national identities.
During the first two days of the census operation, Globalsib.com reported yesterday, dozens of residents of the Russian Federation east of the Urals reported that census takers were violating the law and filling in blanks without asking or ignoring the declarations of citizens, particularly on questions of nationality (globalsib.com/8552/).
One Irkutsk resident said in his blog that when he called himself a Siberian, “the census taker responded that ‘there is no such nationality’ and wrote down Russian. I forced her to write ‘Siberian,’” he continued, but she changed it so that the individual involved became “a Russian Siberian” and will undoubtedly be counted as an ethnic Russian
Dmitry Osipov, a Novosibirsk resident, reported something similar. In his case, the census taker did not even ask his nationality but simply wrote down “Russian.” “I forced him to correct that,” but he tried to answer that “there is no such nationality, but without fanaticism and with a smile.”
Residents in Bratsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Kemerovo and other Siberian cities reported similar situations. All of them were forced to include “Russian” in their declaration of nationality, although one Tomsk blogger said that while he “of course is a Russian,” he wanted to call himself a Siberian, not a “Russian” Siberian. If blocked, he said, he would be “a Martian.”
This pattern has been so widespread, Globalsib.com continued, that it suggests census officials had told their workers how to act. One census taker admitted as much. He told a resident of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka that his bosses had told him that anyone who is a Russian citizen is thus a Russian by nationality.
Mikhail Maglov, an Omsk blogger who has been involved in the campaign to promote Siberian identity, assembled these and other cases and sent an email to Rosstat head Surinov demanding that he take action so that the census results with regard to national identity would be accurate (globalsib.com/8555/).
In his message, Maglov suggested that failure to allow people to declare their nationality represented a form of ethnic discrimination and thus could be punished under the terms of Article 136 of the criminal code by massive fines and imprisonment of up to two years, something the blogger suggested Rosstat should keep in mind.
According to Globalsib.ru, Surinov responded immediately, thanked him “for the signal” and “promised that ‘we will get to the bottom of all cases.’” The Rosstat head asked that those who felt their declarations were not being handled correctly should turn directly to him and he and his staff would take action.
Sunday, October 17, 2010
Window on Eurasia: Georgia’s Visa Free Program for North Caucasians Winning Some Hearts and Minds
Paul Goble
Staunton, October 17 – Despite Moscow’s anger and criticism in Georgia itself, many people in Russia’s North Caucasus republics are delighted with Tbilisi’s decision to allow them visa-free travel to Georgia, although some say this opportunity should be open to all Russian citizens and others worry Moscow may block them from taking advantage of this opportunity.
The Kavkaz-uzel.ru news agency, one of the most objective journalist operations in the North Caucasus, interviewed people in Chechnya (www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/175633/) and in Adygeya (www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/175609/) on their reactions to the Georgian visa free program for North Caucasians.
While the news agency makes no claim that the people it interviewed are representative of the population as a whole – many spoke only on condition of anonymity, and Kavkaz-uzel.ru journalists did not have access to all groups – the comments that the agency provides suggest that the visa-free program is winning “the hearts and minds” of the North Caucasians.
(For a detailed discussion of Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili’s plans in this regard, see Tbilisi historian and journalist Georgy Zedgenidze’s article “Georgia is Conducting a Struggle for the Minds and Hearts of Russian Mountaineers,” which is available in Russian at slon.ru/blogs/gzegenidze/post/479724/.)
Residents of Chechnya, Kavkaz-uzel.ru reports, “note that the elimination of Georgian of the visa regime for residents of the North Caucasus republics eliminates many problems arising in the cross of the border with this country” but add that they are fearful that “the Russian powers that be will tighten the rules for their own citizens of crossing state borders.”
“I cannot understand why the powers that be of Russia have reacted so negatively to this decision of Georgia. I would think that any government ought to express approval to the fact that its citizens do not have to experience additional problems in travelling to neighboring countries.” But Moscow instead chose to make “loud propaganda” against it.
“It turns out,” he continued, “that the leadership of Georgia is so bad that it decided to easy the life of part of the citizens of Russia living in the North Caucasus. Apparently, the Kremlin isn’t pleased that now residents of our region will not travel to Moscow for visas” from which officials there can make money.
Another Chechen, Ramzan M., said he welcomed the change because his wife has relatives in the Pankisi Gorge and now it will be much easier to visit them. “Of course,” he continued, “we can only greet this decision of the Georgian authorities. They think in the first instance about the interests of simple citizens and not about politics or something else.”
Abubakar, a resident of Grozny, added that he had been in Georgia during Soviet times and retains many friends there. “More than once they have invited me to come for a visit,” but getting a visa which required a trip to Moscow prevented him from doing so. “I hope that now I will be able to visit my friends,” who have already telephoned to ask him to come.
But he said that he is concerned that the Russian authorities, because of their anger at Georgia, will “toughen the rules” for border crossing into Georgia in order to prevent more people from visiting that country. Russian citizens have had to pay bribes to border guards in the past, “now [this requirement] may become still worse.”
Kavkaz-uzel.ru journalists also spoke with residents of the Republic of Adygeya. Most of those with whom they spoke said that “the opening of visa free entrance into Georgia was an incomplete step,” one that should be extended to all citizens of the Russian Federation rather than to only one part.
Timur Khuranov, a resident of Adygeysk, said that he had long wanted to visit Georgia but had been put off by the requirement that he travel to Moscow to get a visa. Now, he had he was “happy that the opportunity to realize his longtime dream had appeared.” Now all he has to do, he said, is “sit in his car and drive.”
Valentina Filatova, a Maikop resident, said that “of course, the removal of excessive limits for entrance into Georgia only brings our countries closer together and makes their residents closer to one another” – especially for those like herself who have “distant relatives” there and now have “a real chance” to visit them.
But others with whom Kavkaz-uzel.ru journalists spoke were more skeptical. “If we can travel to Georgia,” Aydamir Tleuzh, a resident of the Takhtamukaysk district of Adygeya, asked, “then why can’t the residents of Krasnodar who live only 10 kilometers from our village?”
And Alina Kononenko, a resident of Adygeya’s Krasnogvardeysk district, agreed. “I am sure,” she said, “that equal opportunities must be created for everyone. I have acquaintances who have close relatives in Georgia and who live in Kazan. How are things supposed to work for them? Are they worse than we?”
Consequently, Kononenko said, she had to conclude that “this step of the Georgian leadership is an instrument with which [Tbilisi] can ‘split’ Russians into various parts,” an outcome that she implied was totally unacceptable for her and should be for everyone in the region as well.
Staunton, October 17 – Despite Moscow’s anger and criticism in Georgia itself, many people in Russia’s North Caucasus republics are delighted with Tbilisi’s decision to allow them visa-free travel to Georgia, although some say this opportunity should be open to all Russian citizens and others worry Moscow may block them from taking advantage of this opportunity.
The Kavkaz-uzel.ru news agency, one of the most objective journalist operations in the North Caucasus, interviewed people in Chechnya (www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/175633/) and in Adygeya (www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/175609/) on their reactions to the Georgian visa free program for North Caucasians.
While the news agency makes no claim that the people it interviewed are representative of the population as a whole – many spoke only on condition of anonymity, and Kavkaz-uzel.ru journalists did not have access to all groups – the comments that the agency provides suggest that the visa-free program is winning “the hearts and minds” of the North Caucasians.
(For a detailed discussion of Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili’s plans in this regard, see Tbilisi historian and journalist Georgy Zedgenidze’s article “Georgia is Conducting a Struggle for the Minds and Hearts of Russian Mountaineers,” which is available in Russian at slon.ru/blogs/gzegenidze/post/479724/.)
Residents of Chechnya, Kavkaz-uzel.ru reports, “note that the elimination of Georgian of the visa regime for residents of the North Caucasus republics eliminates many problems arising in the cross of the border with this country” but add that they are fearful that “the Russian powers that be will tighten the rules for their own citizens of crossing state borders.”
“I cannot understand why the powers that be of Russia have reacted so negatively to this decision of Georgia. I would think that any government ought to express approval to the fact that its citizens do not have to experience additional problems in travelling to neighboring countries.” But Moscow instead chose to make “loud propaganda” against it.
“It turns out,” he continued, “that the leadership of Georgia is so bad that it decided to easy the life of part of the citizens of Russia living in the North Caucasus. Apparently, the Kremlin isn’t pleased that now residents of our region will not travel to Moscow for visas” from which officials there can make money.
Another Chechen, Ramzan M., said he welcomed the change because his wife has relatives in the Pankisi Gorge and now it will be much easier to visit them. “Of course,” he continued, “we can only greet this decision of the Georgian authorities. They think in the first instance about the interests of simple citizens and not about politics or something else.”
Abubakar, a resident of Grozny, added that he had been in Georgia during Soviet times and retains many friends there. “More than once they have invited me to come for a visit,” but getting a visa which required a trip to Moscow prevented him from doing so. “I hope that now I will be able to visit my friends,” who have already telephoned to ask him to come.
But he said that he is concerned that the Russian authorities, because of their anger at Georgia, will “toughen the rules” for border crossing into Georgia in order to prevent more people from visiting that country. Russian citizens have had to pay bribes to border guards in the past, “now [this requirement] may become still worse.”
Kavkaz-uzel.ru journalists also spoke with residents of the Republic of Adygeya. Most of those with whom they spoke said that “the opening of visa free entrance into Georgia was an incomplete step,” one that should be extended to all citizens of the Russian Federation rather than to only one part.
Timur Khuranov, a resident of Adygeysk, said that he had long wanted to visit Georgia but had been put off by the requirement that he travel to Moscow to get a visa. Now, he had he was “happy that the opportunity to realize his longtime dream had appeared.” Now all he has to do, he said, is “sit in his car and drive.”
Valentina Filatova, a Maikop resident, said that “of course, the removal of excessive limits for entrance into Georgia only brings our countries closer together and makes their residents closer to one another” – especially for those like herself who have “distant relatives” there and now have “a real chance” to visit them.
But others with whom Kavkaz-uzel.ru journalists spoke were more skeptical. “If we can travel to Georgia,” Aydamir Tleuzh, a resident of the Takhtamukaysk district of Adygeya, asked, “then why can’t the residents of Krasnodar who live only 10 kilometers from our village?”
And Alina Kononenko, a resident of Adygeya’s Krasnogvardeysk district, agreed. “I am sure,” she said, “that equal opportunities must be created for everyone. I have acquaintances who have close relatives in Georgia and who live in Kazan. How are things supposed to work for them? Are they worse than we?”
Consequently, Kononenko said, she had to conclude that “this step of the Georgian leadership is an instrument with which [Tbilisi] can ‘split’ Russians into various parts,” an outcome that she implied was totally unacceptable for her and should be for everyone in the region as well.
Window on Eurasia: Russian Olympic Committee Makes a Concession to the Circassians
Paul Goble
Staunton, October 17 – The Russian Olympic Committee supports the inclusion of Circassian themes in the cultural programs at the Sochi Olympics in 2014, a concession to those Circassians who felt Moscow had been planning to ignore them and a transparent effort by Russian officials to derail the efforts of other Circassians who hope to block the Sochi games.
Many Circassians, both the 600,000 in the Russian Federation and the five million living abroad, have been outraged by Moscow’s plans to stage an Olympic games on the site of where their ancestors in 1864 were expelled from the North Caucasus, an action that led to the deaths of several hundred thousand Circassians and that many feel was an act of genocide.
Ever since the International Olympic Committee awarded Moscow the right to hold the Olympics in Sochi, Circassians have been working against that idea, with some demanding that the games be moved from the site of a genocide or cancelled altogether and others insisting only that Moscow acknowledge in some public way the Circassian tragedy.
In March 2010, the State Council of the Adygey Republic adopted an appeal to the Russian Olympic Committee and the president of the Sochi 2014 committee expressing concern about “the possible ignoring in the information and cultural program of the Olympiad of the history and culture of the Circassian people” (www.regnum.ru/news/1336449.html).
The appeal noted that organizers of the Olympics in Sidney in 2000, in Salt Lake City in 2002 and in Vancouver in 2010 had gone out of their way not only to include references to the role of indigenous peoples in the area where the games took place but also to involve representatives of those indigenous populations in Olympic ceremonials.
Yesterday, the press service of the State Council of the Adygey Republic announced that it had received word from the Russian Olympic Committee saying that the ROC “supports the initiative of reflecting the cultural and historical heritage of the Circassians in the context of supporting the cultural program of the XXII Winter Games and the XI Para-Olympiad.”
Moreover, the press service reported, the ROC has sent a telegram to the speaker of the Adygey Parliament “expressing confidence that the leadership of the organizing committee of Sochi 2014 will devote the necessary attention to this subject.” And the press service quoted from a letter to the republic signed by Dmitry Chernyshenko, the president of that committee.
Chernyshenko was quoted as saying that “in the framework of the Cultural Olympiad … a special place will be occupied by the Caucasus Games, a festival of national forms of sport and popular creativity, the goal of which is the strengthening of the inter-cultural and inter-ethnic ties among representatives of the regions of Russia and the states of the Black Sea region.”
Unlike the organizers of the games in Australia, the United States, and Canada, the ROC has not up to now shown much willingness to involve the indigenous population in any way or acknowledge its presence, a sharp contrast to the case of Vancouver where organizers included references to the indigenous peoples in the symbols of the games themselves.
This latest action by the ROC suggests that Moscow is increasingly concerned about the ongoing Circassian campaign against Sochi, especially because that effort is gaining support not only among Circassian communities in Turkey, Jordan, Europe and the United States but also because it is attracting the attention of European politicians and environmental activists.
And Moscow may hope that this concession to the Circassians, one that Russian officials undoubtedly view as a major one, will cause some Circassians and their allies to reconsider their opposition to the Sochi Games, an event that Vladimir Putin has indicated is something he wants to be remembered for.
It is likely that some Circassians will indeed decide to back away from the efforts of others to block the games, but it is also likely that others will conclude that if Moscow is prepared to make this concession on the basis of what they have done so far, the Russian powers that be might make even more if the Circassians push even harder in the coming months.
Staunton, October 17 – The Russian Olympic Committee supports the inclusion of Circassian themes in the cultural programs at the Sochi Olympics in 2014, a concession to those Circassians who felt Moscow had been planning to ignore them and a transparent effort by Russian officials to derail the efforts of other Circassians who hope to block the Sochi games.
Many Circassians, both the 600,000 in the Russian Federation and the five million living abroad, have been outraged by Moscow’s plans to stage an Olympic games on the site of where their ancestors in 1864 were expelled from the North Caucasus, an action that led to the deaths of several hundred thousand Circassians and that many feel was an act of genocide.
Ever since the International Olympic Committee awarded Moscow the right to hold the Olympics in Sochi, Circassians have been working against that idea, with some demanding that the games be moved from the site of a genocide or cancelled altogether and others insisting only that Moscow acknowledge in some public way the Circassian tragedy.
In March 2010, the State Council of the Adygey Republic adopted an appeal to the Russian Olympic Committee and the president of the Sochi 2014 committee expressing concern about “the possible ignoring in the information and cultural program of the Olympiad of the history and culture of the Circassian people” (www.regnum.ru/news/1336449.html).
The appeal noted that organizers of the Olympics in Sidney in 2000, in Salt Lake City in 2002 and in Vancouver in 2010 had gone out of their way not only to include references to the role of indigenous peoples in the area where the games took place but also to involve representatives of those indigenous populations in Olympic ceremonials.
Yesterday, the press service of the State Council of the Adygey Republic announced that it had received word from the Russian Olympic Committee saying that the ROC “supports the initiative of reflecting the cultural and historical heritage of the Circassians in the context of supporting the cultural program of the XXII Winter Games and the XI Para-Olympiad.”
Moreover, the press service reported, the ROC has sent a telegram to the speaker of the Adygey Parliament “expressing confidence that the leadership of the organizing committee of Sochi 2014 will devote the necessary attention to this subject.” And the press service quoted from a letter to the republic signed by Dmitry Chernyshenko, the president of that committee.
Chernyshenko was quoted as saying that “in the framework of the Cultural Olympiad … a special place will be occupied by the Caucasus Games, a festival of national forms of sport and popular creativity, the goal of which is the strengthening of the inter-cultural and inter-ethnic ties among representatives of the regions of Russia and the states of the Black Sea region.”
Unlike the organizers of the games in Australia, the United States, and Canada, the ROC has not up to now shown much willingness to involve the indigenous population in any way or acknowledge its presence, a sharp contrast to the case of Vancouver where organizers included references to the indigenous peoples in the symbols of the games themselves.
This latest action by the ROC suggests that Moscow is increasingly concerned about the ongoing Circassian campaign against Sochi, especially because that effort is gaining support not only among Circassian communities in Turkey, Jordan, Europe and the United States but also because it is attracting the attention of European politicians and environmental activists.
And Moscow may hope that this concession to the Circassians, one that Russian officials undoubtedly view as a major one, will cause some Circassians and their allies to reconsider their opposition to the Sochi Games, an event that Vladimir Putin has indicated is something he wants to be remembered for.
It is likely that some Circassians will indeed decide to back away from the efforts of others to block the games, but it is also likely that others will conclude that if Moscow is prepared to make this concession on the basis of what they have done so far, the Russian powers that be might make even more if the Circassians push even harder in the coming months.
Friday, October 15, 2010
Window on Eurasia: Could ODKB Forces Eventually Be Used Against Russian Protesters?
Paul Goble
Staunton, October 15 – The way in which Moscow is arming and training units assigned to the Organization of the Collective Security Treaty suggests that these forces will be used against domestic opposition groups in the member states – not excluding the Russian Federation, according to some analysts -- rather than exclusively against foreign aggressors.
Col.Gen. Anatoly Nogovitsyn, the deputy chief of the unified staff of the ODKB (its Russian acronym), said this week that “the international forces subordinate to him soon will begin to receive as armaments water cannon, traumatic pistols, tear gas and noise grenades – all “so-called non-lethal” weapons (svpressa.ru/society/article/32035/).
Up until now, such weapons have generally been used by the police or special services rather than by national armies or international alliances. Obviously, “tank columns are not dispersed by water cannon.” Indeed, most of the units in the ODKB are “motorized rifle battalions, the chief task of which is repulsing a foreign threat.”
The ODKB was set up in 2002 as “a military-political bloc,” and its member states, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan, agreed last year to form a rapid reaction force, a large segment of which consists of Russian units drawn from the Volga-Urals Military District.
Many both in these countries and internationally viewed the ODKB as an effort by Moscow to create “almost a counterweight to the forces of NATO.” But because the organization did not involve large forces and even more because the ODKB increasingly focused not to the West but to Central Asia, ever fewer people share that view.
But on one aspect of the ODKB, most continued to agree: Its primary focus was about repulsing potential foreign aggressors rather than dealing with internal threats. But now, as a result of events in Kyrgyzstan and the declaration of Nogovitsyn, at least some analysts are shifting their view in that regard.
And that is the case even though Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has repeatedly said that “the application of ODKB forces is possible only if there is an attack from the outside against one of the states which is a member” of the group. The ODKB agreement, the Russian leader insists, do not allow for anything else.
The events in Kyrgyzstan, however, led many to discuss whether ODKB forces might be used against what were after all domestic opponents of one of the signatory regimes, and “the logic” of the armaments Nogovitsyn says some of the ODKB forces will have suggests that some leaders of the ODKB consider such actions “extremely probable.”
Such views are likely to identify later this month, “Svobodnaya pressa” continues, when ODKB forces are scheduled to conduct a joint exercise using non-lethal force near Chebarkul, a step the organization would not be taking if it did not believe that it needed to develop a capacity to cope with domestic violence in its member states.
Leonid Ivashov, a retired colonel general who heads the Moscow Academy of Geopolitical Problems and a frequent critic of the incumbent Russian government, said that the trend in the ODKB forces was clear: the member states want an international capacity to intervene in the case of domestic violence in any of them.
As a result, he continued, “the appearance of [non-lethal weaponry] in the units of the ODKB, the main part of which consists of [Russian] soldiers and officers] will mean that there has begun a reorientation of army structures toward the struggle with the recent growth in protest attitudes across the post-Soviet space.”
And such attitudes are to be found not only in Kyrgyzstan and in Tajikistan, Ivashov noted. “Not everything is peaceful in Russia itself.” There are problems in the Far East and in the North Caucasus, and consequently, this new direction in the weaponry of the ODKB could mean that its forces might someday be deployed in the Russian Federation.
Staunton, October 15 – The way in which Moscow is arming and training units assigned to the Organization of the Collective Security Treaty suggests that these forces will be used against domestic opposition groups in the member states – not excluding the Russian Federation, according to some analysts -- rather than exclusively against foreign aggressors.
Col.Gen. Anatoly Nogovitsyn, the deputy chief of the unified staff of the ODKB (its Russian acronym), said this week that “the international forces subordinate to him soon will begin to receive as armaments water cannon, traumatic pistols, tear gas and noise grenades – all “so-called non-lethal” weapons (svpressa.ru/society/article/32035/).
Up until now, such weapons have generally been used by the police or special services rather than by national armies or international alliances. Obviously, “tank columns are not dispersed by water cannon.” Indeed, most of the units in the ODKB are “motorized rifle battalions, the chief task of which is repulsing a foreign threat.”
The ODKB was set up in 2002 as “a military-political bloc,” and its member states, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan, agreed last year to form a rapid reaction force, a large segment of which consists of Russian units drawn from the Volga-Urals Military District.
Many both in these countries and internationally viewed the ODKB as an effort by Moscow to create “almost a counterweight to the forces of NATO.” But because the organization did not involve large forces and even more because the ODKB increasingly focused not to the West but to Central Asia, ever fewer people share that view.
But on one aspect of the ODKB, most continued to agree: Its primary focus was about repulsing potential foreign aggressors rather than dealing with internal threats. But now, as a result of events in Kyrgyzstan and the declaration of Nogovitsyn, at least some analysts are shifting their view in that regard.
And that is the case even though Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has repeatedly said that “the application of ODKB forces is possible only if there is an attack from the outside against one of the states which is a member” of the group. The ODKB agreement, the Russian leader insists, do not allow for anything else.
The events in Kyrgyzstan, however, led many to discuss whether ODKB forces might be used against what were after all domestic opponents of one of the signatory regimes, and “the logic” of the armaments Nogovitsyn says some of the ODKB forces will have suggests that some leaders of the ODKB consider such actions “extremely probable.”
Such views are likely to identify later this month, “Svobodnaya pressa” continues, when ODKB forces are scheduled to conduct a joint exercise using non-lethal force near Chebarkul, a step the organization would not be taking if it did not believe that it needed to develop a capacity to cope with domestic violence in its member states.
Leonid Ivashov, a retired colonel general who heads the Moscow Academy of Geopolitical Problems and a frequent critic of the incumbent Russian government, said that the trend in the ODKB forces was clear: the member states want an international capacity to intervene in the case of domestic violence in any of them.
As a result, he continued, “the appearance of [non-lethal weaponry] in the units of the ODKB, the main part of which consists of [Russian] soldiers and officers] will mean that there has begun a reorientation of army structures toward the struggle with the recent growth in protest attitudes across the post-Soviet space.”
And such attitudes are to be found not only in Kyrgyzstan and in Tajikistan, Ivashov noted. “Not everything is peaceful in Russia itself.” There are problems in the Far East and in the North Caucasus, and consequently, this new direction in the weaponry of the ODKB could mean that its forces might someday be deployed in the Russian Federation.
Window on Eurasia: Ashgabat Reaches Out to Turkmens of Iran
Paul Goble
Staunton, October 15 – For the first time since Turkmenistan became independent in 1991, Ashgabat has helped to organize a cultural event for the estimated 1.3 million ethnic Turkmen living across its southern border in Iran, an action that by its very nature represents a challenge to Tehran’s control of the region.
Between September 29 and October 2, Ashgabat helped organize the Turkmenistan Culture Week in Iran’s Golestan region. Turkmenistan had wanted to hold this event in Gonbad-e Kavoos, a center of Turkmen culture in Iran, but Tehran insisted that it take place far from that location (en.baybak.com/a-hopeful-step-for-the-turkmensahra-people.azr).
According to the Baybak.com portal, a southern Azerbaijani source, “officials of the Islamic Republic accepted Turkmenistan’s proposal reluctantly,” doing so Baybak.com said, only because of “the political conditions generated by the economic sanctions” and Tehran’s desires not to alienate its neighbors.
Ashgabat took advantage of this situation, Baybak.com continued, to reach out “for the first time since independence” to the more than one million Turkmensahra Turkmens of Iran, a community that has been under intense “political and cultural pressures” from Iranian officials to assimilate.
An indication of Iranian fears about the implications of even this relatively limited event, Baybak.com said, was provided by Tehran’s efforts to limit the impact of the Culture Week. Not only did Tehran insist that the week take place in a location where Persians were a majority, but it packed the sessions with Persians so that Turkmens could not take part.
Moreover, the Iranian side worked hard to block any publicity about this event in order to prevent Turkmensahra Turkmens from knowing about it. That effort was undercut, the Southern Azerbaijani site continues, by reports in the media of Turkmenistan itself and by Internet coverage of the Culture Week itself
In reporting this development, Baybak.com said that it “considers the Turkmenistani President’s attempt to organize a Turkmenistan Culture Week in Iran a positive step,” one that “shows that Turkmenistan is ambitious about developing the Turkmen culture. And the Southern Azerbaijani site expressed the hope that Ashgabat will take “bigger steps in the future.”
“We again hope that the Turkmenistani officials would also be sensitive about not only the Turkmens’ right to receive education” in their own language and right to the restoration of lands taken from them but also about “the discriminatory policies” that the Iranian authorities apply against them.
“While the Islamic Republic can easily open publishing houses in Iran and carry out cultural activities,” the Southern Azerbaijani portal said, Turkmenistan needs to recognize that Iranian efforts in this regard will be directed against the ethnic Turkmens and consequently take steps to support that community.
Most of the Turkmens of Iran live along the northern border. Like their co-ethnics to the north, they are Sunni Muslims rather than Shiites like most Persians. In the 20th century, some of them fled north to avoid Iranian pressure and others revolved against the Soviet occupation in 1945 and against the Iranians immediately after that.
Following the Iranian revolution of1979, the Turkmens staged a revolt against Khomeini, a rising that Tehran crushed with extreme violence. As a result, some of Iran’s Turkmens have fled abroad, mostly but not exclusively to Turkey, with a small number even moving into the then-Turkmen SSR.
Over the last 20 years, the Turkmens of Iran have cooperated with ethnic Azerbaijanis in that country, protesting against Iranian policies and suffering from similar repressions of various kinds (en.baybak.com/the-regime-of-the-islamic-republic-has-commenced-to-hand-books-in-order-to-destroy-the-turkmen-culture-in-turkmensahra.azr).
Staunton, October 15 – For the first time since Turkmenistan became independent in 1991, Ashgabat has helped to organize a cultural event for the estimated 1.3 million ethnic Turkmen living across its southern border in Iran, an action that by its very nature represents a challenge to Tehran’s control of the region.
Between September 29 and October 2, Ashgabat helped organize the Turkmenistan Culture Week in Iran’s Golestan region. Turkmenistan had wanted to hold this event in Gonbad-e Kavoos, a center of Turkmen culture in Iran, but Tehran insisted that it take place far from that location (en.baybak.com/a-hopeful-step-for-the-turkmensahra-people.azr).
According to the Baybak.com portal, a southern Azerbaijani source, “officials of the Islamic Republic accepted Turkmenistan’s proposal reluctantly,” doing so Baybak.com said, only because of “the political conditions generated by the economic sanctions” and Tehran’s desires not to alienate its neighbors.
Ashgabat took advantage of this situation, Baybak.com continued, to reach out “for the first time since independence” to the more than one million Turkmensahra Turkmens of Iran, a community that has been under intense “political and cultural pressures” from Iranian officials to assimilate.
An indication of Iranian fears about the implications of even this relatively limited event, Baybak.com said, was provided by Tehran’s efforts to limit the impact of the Culture Week. Not only did Tehran insist that the week take place in a location where Persians were a majority, but it packed the sessions with Persians so that Turkmens could not take part.
Moreover, the Iranian side worked hard to block any publicity about this event in order to prevent Turkmensahra Turkmens from knowing about it. That effort was undercut, the Southern Azerbaijani site continues, by reports in the media of Turkmenistan itself and by Internet coverage of the Culture Week itself
In reporting this development, Baybak.com said that it “considers the Turkmenistani President’s attempt to organize a Turkmenistan Culture Week in Iran a positive step,” one that “shows that Turkmenistan is ambitious about developing the Turkmen culture. And the Southern Azerbaijani site expressed the hope that Ashgabat will take “bigger steps in the future.”
“We again hope that the Turkmenistani officials would also be sensitive about not only the Turkmens’ right to receive education” in their own language and right to the restoration of lands taken from them but also about “the discriminatory policies” that the Iranian authorities apply against them.
“While the Islamic Republic can easily open publishing houses in Iran and carry out cultural activities,” the Southern Azerbaijani portal said, Turkmenistan needs to recognize that Iranian efforts in this regard will be directed against the ethnic Turkmens and consequently take steps to support that community.
Most of the Turkmens of Iran live along the northern border. Like their co-ethnics to the north, they are Sunni Muslims rather than Shiites like most Persians. In the 20th century, some of them fled north to avoid Iranian pressure and others revolved against the Soviet occupation in 1945 and against the Iranians immediately after that.
Following the Iranian revolution of1979, the Turkmens staged a revolt against Khomeini, a rising that Tehran crushed with extreme violence. As a result, some of Iran’s Turkmens have fled abroad, mostly but not exclusively to Turkey, with a small number even moving into the then-Turkmen SSR.
Over the last 20 years, the Turkmens of Iran have cooperated with ethnic Azerbaijanis in that country, protesting against Iranian policies and suffering from similar repressions of various kinds (en.baybak.com/the-regime-of-the-islamic-republic-has-commenced-to-hand-books-in-order-to-destroy-the-turkmen-culture-in-turkmensahra.azr).
Window on Eurasia: Russian Commander Appeals to Mufti to Help Restore Order in His Unit
Paul Goble
Staunton, October 15 – A Russian military commander at a base near Perm whose officers have lost control over his troops, in part at least because a quarter of them are Muslims from the North Caucasus who are insubordinate or clash with ethnic Russians, has appealed to a local mufti for assistance in restoring order.
But while some outlets, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration, have played this event up as some kind of “a Muslim revolt” (dpni.org/articles/lenta_novo/17623/), the situation in Perm was more complicated and is likely to be more widespread given the increasing share of draftees made up by men from historically Muslim nationalities.
The two reports about what has occurred that provide the most nuanced coverage are an article by Sergey Ishchenko in “Svobodnaya pressa” (svpressa.ru/society/article/32098/) which is based on interviews with the principals involved and a report on a military affairs site (topwar.ru/1789-na-voennoj-baze-razgorelsya-islamskij-bunt.html) drawing on Perm media.
According to Ishchenko, Colonel Dmitry Kuznetsov “was forced to turn to the Muslim Spiritual Directorate (MSD) of the Kama Region with a request to help call the faithful to order” after the soldiers from the North Caucasus refused to obey orders to perform certain tasks and formed “micro-collectives” which attacked soldiers of other nationalities.
Kuznetsov told a meeting of the inter-religious council in Perm on Monday that he “would not deny that conflicts are taking place” and that “they arise both on a religious and on a specifically ethno-national basis.” At the same time, he said, “we have done everything that we could do within the limits of the law.”
Prosecutors are currently “working in the unit,” the colonel continued, and “they are investigating the criminal cases. They will punish the guilty but unfortunately, that alone will not resolve the problem completely.” Consequently, he said he was seeking help from the religious authorities generally and Muslim ones in particular.
Khalim Sharafeyev, an advisor to the Perm muftiate for social and economic policy, said that the problems the colonel was describing reflected the fact that the young people “had managed to evade the control of commanders,” do not “recognize any power over themselves,” and permit themselves to violate the rules and sometimes to attack other soldiers.
When challenged about their refusal to carry out some task, he said, the Muslim soldiers sometimes invoke Islamic prohibitions against this or that kind of activity. Commanders often don’t know what Islam requires, and non-Muslims are infuriated by such claims, something that he said that has the result of sparking anti-Islamic attitudes.
Sharafeyev said that the first thing that needed to be done was to study the culture of the young people involved and make sure that officers know what the Koran prohibits and what it does not. Then, “jointly with the command, it is necessary to ‘neutralize the leaders’” and thus direct the energy of the soldiers in a useful way.
And finally, the MSD representative said, “there needs to be mediation, that is, the peaceful resolution of personal conflicts” among soldiers and officers. That too will require joint work by Muslim leaders and Russian officers, and Sharafeyev promised that “we will work on that.”
Military prosecutors, however, suggested that “the situation is not as simple as it may look from the side.” That is because, they say, “at a minimum, “half of the criminal cases” involve “soldiers of Slavic nationality” for a variety of violations of the law including “exceeding the authority of their office.” That reality must be addressed as well.
Yet another perspective was offered by Aleksandra Vlakina, head of the Council of Relatives of Military Personnel in Perm. She suggested that what had taken place was less “a revolt” of Muslim troops than a willingness of Col. Kuznetsov to involve the legal authorities in cases of violence among soldiers rather than seeking to cover them up as many officers do.
She also suggested that many of the problems arose from the way in which commanders treat all soldiers and in the Perm unit from overcrowding in the aging barracks. Blaming nationality or religion may get more attention, she pointed out, but these factors may be less significant than more mundane ones.
However that may be, there have been increasing incidents of clashes between soldiers of traditionally Muslim nationalities and ethnic Russians, and appended to Ishchenko’s article is a list of five major conflicts of that type in the Russian military from December 2006 to August 2010.
Staunton, October 15 – A Russian military commander at a base near Perm whose officers have lost control over his troops, in part at least because a quarter of them are Muslims from the North Caucasus who are insubordinate or clash with ethnic Russians, has appealed to a local mufti for assistance in restoring order.
But while some outlets, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration, have played this event up as some kind of “a Muslim revolt” (dpni.org/articles/lenta_novo/17623/), the situation in Perm was more complicated and is likely to be more widespread given the increasing share of draftees made up by men from historically Muslim nationalities.
The two reports about what has occurred that provide the most nuanced coverage are an article by Sergey Ishchenko in “Svobodnaya pressa” (svpressa.ru/society/article/32098/) which is based on interviews with the principals involved and a report on a military affairs site (topwar.ru/1789-na-voennoj-baze-razgorelsya-islamskij-bunt.html) drawing on Perm media.
According to Ishchenko, Colonel Dmitry Kuznetsov “was forced to turn to the Muslim Spiritual Directorate (MSD) of the Kama Region with a request to help call the faithful to order” after the soldiers from the North Caucasus refused to obey orders to perform certain tasks and formed “micro-collectives” which attacked soldiers of other nationalities.
Kuznetsov told a meeting of the inter-religious council in Perm on Monday that he “would not deny that conflicts are taking place” and that “they arise both on a religious and on a specifically ethno-national basis.” At the same time, he said, “we have done everything that we could do within the limits of the law.”
Prosecutors are currently “working in the unit,” the colonel continued, and “they are investigating the criminal cases. They will punish the guilty but unfortunately, that alone will not resolve the problem completely.” Consequently, he said he was seeking help from the religious authorities generally and Muslim ones in particular.
Khalim Sharafeyev, an advisor to the Perm muftiate for social and economic policy, said that the problems the colonel was describing reflected the fact that the young people “had managed to evade the control of commanders,” do not “recognize any power over themselves,” and permit themselves to violate the rules and sometimes to attack other soldiers.
When challenged about their refusal to carry out some task, he said, the Muslim soldiers sometimes invoke Islamic prohibitions against this or that kind of activity. Commanders often don’t know what Islam requires, and non-Muslims are infuriated by such claims, something that he said that has the result of sparking anti-Islamic attitudes.
Sharafeyev said that the first thing that needed to be done was to study the culture of the young people involved and make sure that officers know what the Koran prohibits and what it does not. Then, “jointly with the command, it is necessary to ‘neutralize the leaders’” and thus direct the energy of the soldiers in a useful way.
And finally, the MSD representative said, “there needs to be mediation, that is, the peaceful resolution of personal conflicts” among soldiers and officers. That too will require joint work by Muslim leaders and Russian officers, and Sharafeyev promised that “we will work on that.”
Military prosecutors, however, suggested that “the situation is not as simple as it may look from the side.” That is because, they say, “at a minimum, “half of the criminal cases” involve “soldiers of Slavic nationality” for a variety of violations of the law including “exceeding the authority of their office.” That reality must be addressed as well.
Yet another perspective was offered by Aleksandra Vlakina, head of the Council of Relatives of Military Personnel in Perm. She suggested that what had taken place was less “a revolt” of Muslim troops than a willingness of Col. Kuznetsov to involve the legal authorities in cases of violence among soldiers rather than seeking to cover them up as many officers do.
She also suggested that many of the problems arose from the way in which commanders treat all soldiers and in the Perm unit from overcrowding in the aging barracks. Blaming nationality or religion may get more attention, she pointed out, but these factors may be less significant than more mundane ones.
However that may be, there have been increasing incidents of clashes between soldiers of traditionally Muslim nationalities and ethnic Russians, and appended to Ishchenko’s article is a list of five major conflicts of that type in the Russian military from December 2006 to August 2010.
Thursday, October 14, 2010
Window on Eurasia: Stavropol’s Russians Want Their Region Removed from North Caucasus Federal District
Paul Goble
Staunton, October 14 – Russians living in Stavropol kray were not happy when their region was included in the North Caucasus Federal District when that administrative unit was reformed earlier this year, and this week, they have launched an online petition campaign in order to pressure Moscow to shift their land to the Southern Federal District.
Since being posted on the web four days ago, the 220-word appeal has attracted more than 6700 signatures, although a significant fraction of them are not of Stavropol residents but rather Muscovites or at least ethnic Russians from other parts of the Russian Federation (www.rus-obr.ru/days/8164).
According to the appeal, Stavropol residents have suffered in a variety of ways since their predominantly ethnic Russian region was combined with the North Caucasus in this way. The number of non-Russian migrants has increased as have violence – including three terrorist attacks – and crime in general (www.sborgolosov.ru/voiteview.php?voite=147).
In recent months, the appeal begins, “the worst fears of the residents of the kray” concerning the inclusion of Stavropol within the North Caucasus Federal District “have been confirmed.” And as a result, “many people [there now] view [Moscow’s decision to do so] as a territorial division” of Russian territory.
Because of the crime and terrorism that have occurred, the appeal says, Stavropol residents now have “a feeling of fear for their own lives and for the lives of their near ones.” Some who can have voted with their feet, leading to “a still greater outmigration of the ethnic Russian and Christian population from Stavropol kray.”
If that trend continues, the appeal goes on to say, it will “negatively affect the chances of our region to fulfill its main mission over the course of the last centuries to be an advanced post of Russia in the North Caucasus.” Consequently, they say, not only Stavropol residents but all ethnic Russians should sign the appeal and support this drive.
There are two major reasons why Moscow is unlikely to agree. On the one hand, the center included Stavropol kray inside the North Caucasus Federal District precisely in order to reduce the non-Russian share of that district’s population and to ensure the continuing presence of an ethnic Russian anchor population there.
Indeed, many expressed concerns at the time of the reformation of the North Caucasus district (it was part of the original map of federal districts but not set up until much later) that having only non-Russian units in the federal district would both make them more obstreperous and create larger administrative headaches for Moscow.
And on the other, if Moscow changed the borders of the North Caucasus Federal District in response to such an appeal, the center would face demands for changes elsewhere, not only in the existing borders of the eight federal districts but also and more explosively in the existing borders of many of the non-Russian republics across the country.
That would create administrative and political problems the center simply does not want to have or see any way to moderate should they begin. Consequently, and with the hope that the North Caucasus Federal District will allow the Sochi Olympics to take place where and when they are scheduled, Moscow almost certainly will reject this appeal.
But it is significant because now the challenge to Moscow’s arrangements is coming from the ethnic Russians on whom the center has always assumed it can rely rather than just from non-Russians the center has never fully trusted. And that makes this development explosive, just as a parallel one in the RSFSR 20 years ago did for the Soviet Union.
Staunton, October 14 – Russians living in Stavropol kray were not happy when their region was included in the North Caucasus Federal District when that administrative unit was reformed earlier this year, and this week, they have launched an online petition campaign in order to pressure Moscow to shift their land to the Southern Federal District.
Since being posted on the web four days ago, the 220-word appeal has attracted more than 6700 signatures, although a significant fraction of them are not of Stavropol residents but rather Muscovites or at least ethnic Russians from other parts of the Russian Federation (www.rus-obr.ru/days/8164).
According to the appeal, Stavropol residents have suffered in a variety of ways since their predominantly ethnic Russian region was combined with the North Caucasus in this way. The number of non-Russian migrants has increased as have violence – including three terrorist attacks – and crime in general (www.sborgolosov.ru/voiteview.php?voite=147).
In recent months, the appeal begins, “the worst fears of the residents of the kray” concerning the inclusion of Stavropol within the North Caucasus Federal District “have been confirmed.” And as a result, “many people [there now] view [Moscow’s decision to do so] as a territorial division” of Russian territory.
Because of the crime and terrorism that have occurred, the appeal says, Stavropol residents now have “a feeling of fear for their own lives and for the lives of their near ones.” Some who can have voted with their feet, leading to “a still greater outmigration of the ethnic Russian and Christian population from Stavropol kray.”
If that trend continues, the appeal goes on to say, it will “negatively affect the chances of our region to fulfill its main mission over the course of the last centuries to be an advanced post of Russia in the North Caucasus.” Consequently, they say, not only Stavropol residents but all ethnic Russians should sign the appeal and support this drive.
There are two major reasons why Moscow is unlikely to agree. On the one hand, the center included Stavropol kray inside the North Caucasus Federal District precisely in order to reduce the non-Russian share of that district’s population and to ensure the continuing presence of an ethnic Russian anchor population there.
Indeed, many expressed concerns at the time of the reformation of the North Caucasus district (it was part of the original map of federal districts but not set up until much later) that having only non-Russian units in the federal district would both make them more obstreperous and create larger administrative headaches for Moscow.
And on the other, if Moscow changed the borders of the North Caucasus Federal District in response to such an appeal, the center would face demands for changes elsewhere, not only in the existing borders of the eight federal districts but also and more explosively in the existing borders of many of the non-Russian republics across the country.
That would create administrative and political problems the center simply does not want to have or see any way to moderate should they begin. Consequently, and with the hope that the North Caucasus Federal District will allow the Sochi Olympics to take place where and when they are scheduled, Moscow almost certainly will reject this appeal.
But it is significant because now the challenge to Moscow’s arrangements is coming from the ethnic Russians on whom the center has always assumed it can rely rather than just from non-Russians the center has never fully trusted. And that makes this development explosive, just as a parallel one in the RSFSR 20 years ago did for the Soviet Union.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
Posts
